Course Code: AQU 703
Course Title: Fish Nutrition and Feeding Management
Credit Hours: 3 (2+1)
Rationale:
Knowledge of nutrition of animal production systems is essential to economically produce healthy, high-quality product. In fish farming, the knowledge of nutrition is important as feed represents 30 – 60% of the total production cost depending on the culture intensity. The knowledge of fish nutrition has been more technically advanced in recent years with the development of nutritionally balanced feeds that help to promote physiologically maximum fish growth. Although the development of species-specific diet formulation technique supported the expansion of fish farming industry, production of economically feasible aqua feeds using locally available low-cost ingredients are essential for most of the developing countries to satisfy increasing demand for affordable, safe, and high-quality fish and seafood products. This course addresses above issues taking holistic view on the aquaculture industry into account.
Learning outcomes:
- Understand the concept of fish nutrition in relation to nutritional requirement of aquatic animals, nutritional physiology, and feed formulation, production and management.
- Develop knowledge and skills for the development of both farm-made feeds and commercial aqua-feed industry taking locally available ingredients, feed quality control, feed processing equipments, and innovative feed formulation strategies into account.
- Understand good feed management practices that are necessary for maximizing economical benefits to farmers.
- Gain knowledge on theoretical and practical aspects of fish nutrition and feed production and management skills for sustainable natural resource utilization.
Contents:
1. Introduction to Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology
1.1 Aquaculture systems (extensive, semi-intensive, intensive)
1.2 Role of natural food in aquaculture systems and its limits for growth of fish
1.3 Critical standing stock and supplementary feed requirements/ limits for growth
1.4 Intensive systems and requirement for nutritionally balanced feeds/ limiting factors
2. Nutritional physiology and behavior
2.1 Structure of digestive systems of different fish species
2.2 Fate of nutrients – Mass balance equation (Food energy = Growth + Metabolism + Reproduction + Excretion + Faecal losses)
2.3 Feeding habits of fish and feed intake
2.4 Digestibility estimation
3. Nutrient requirement of fish
3.1 Essential and non-essential nutrients
3.2 Protein and amino acid
3.3 Energy in feed
3.4 Lipids and fatty acids
3.5 Carbohydrates
3.6 Minerals
3.7 Vitamins
4. Feed resources for fish feeding
4.1 Nutrient composition in feed ingredients (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, mineral)
4.2 Animal by-products (fish meal, trash fish; meat meal etc.)
4.3 Agricultural by-products (rice bran, broken rice, corn etc.)
4.4 Fat and oil (plant oil, animal and aquatic fat)
4.5 Screening of feed ingredients
4.6 Toxic substances and anti nutritional factors in feed
4.7 Pre-processing methods to eliminate anti-nutritional factors
4.8 Approaches to replace fishmeal and trash fish (use of alternative plant and animal proteins)
5. Feed additives
5.1 Vitamin-mineral premix
5.2 Feed attractants and stimulants
5.3 Binders
5.4 Antioxidant and anti-fungal agents
5.5 Feed immune-stimulants
5.6 Enzymes
5.7 Probiotics in feed
6. Feed formulation
6.1 Factors that should be taken into account for producing formulated feeds
6.2 Square method
6.3 Simultaneous equations
6.4 Linear programming
7. Formulated pellet feed production
7.1 Grinding
7.2 Mixing
7.3 Conditioning/ cooking/ Extrusion/Pelleting process
7.4 Floating and sinking pellet production
7.5 Packing
7.6 Home-made feed preparation
7.7 Feed care and storage
7.7.1 Physical loss
7.7.2 Water and heat damage
7.7.3 Insect and fungal damage
7.7.4 Chemical changes
7.7.5 Adventitious toxins
8. Cost-effective feeding methods
8.1 Feeding methods
8.2. Feed efficiency estimation
8.3 Feeding rate
8.4 Feeding frequency
8.5 Feeding schedules for different species
9. Case studies and economic analysis
9.1 Tilapia/ Carps
9.2 Rainbow trout
9.3 Catfishes
References:
Baifour Hepher (1990). Nutrition of pond fish. Cambridge University press. ISBN 0 521 34150
Hertramf, Joachim w (2000). Handbook on ingredients for aquaculture feeds. Kluwer Acedamic.
Jack A. Mathia et al. (1994). Integrated fish farming. CRC Press. LLC, USA
Jean Guillaume et al. (1999). Nutrition and feeding of fish and crustaceans. Praxis publishing, UK
John E. Alver (1989). Fish nutrition. Academic Press Inc.
Josianne G. Stottrup and Lesley A . McEvoy (2003). Live feeds in marine aquaculture. Oxford: Black well science.
Malcolm Jobling (1994). Fish bioenergetics. Chapman & Hall, Fish and Fisheries Series, UK. ISBN 0 412 58090 X.
Micheal B New (1987). Feed and feeding of fish and shrimp: A manual on the preparation and presentation of compound feeds for shrimp and fish in aquaculture. FAO and UNEP.
Micheal B New, et al. (1993). Farm-made aquafeeds. Prayurawong Printing, Thailand
Pillay T.V.R. (1990). Aquaculture Principle and Practices. Black well Science Ltd.
Robent P. Wilson (1991). Handbook of nutrient requirements of finfish. CRC press Boca Raton
Santiago C.B. et al. (1994). Feeds for small-scale aquaculture.
Sena S. De Silva and Trevor A. Anderson (1995). Fish nutrition in aquaculture. Chapman & Hall Aquaculture series 1. ISBN 0 412 55030 X.
Sifali and Jack Mathias (1994). Freshwater fish culture in China, Principles and Practices. Elsevier Science B.U.
Stephen Goddard (1996). Feed management in intensive aquaculture. Chapman & hall, USA.
Tom Lovell (1998). Nutrition and feeding of fish (second edition).
Wenner Steffen et al. (1989). Principle of fish nutrition.
Course Schedule:
|
Month |
Day |
Lecture Topics |
Lab exercises |
Assignment Due |
| Month-1 | Day-1 | Introduction to Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology
- Aquaculture systems (extensive, semi-intensive, intensive) - Role of natural food in aquaculture systems and its limits for growth of fish |
Library assignment given-library tools | |
| Day-2 | - Critical standing stock and supplementary feed requirements/ limits for growth | |||
| Day-3 | - Intensive systems and requirement for nutritionally balanced feeds/ limiting factors | Introduction to case study for economic analysis | ||
| Day-4 | Nutritional physiology and behavior
- Structure of digestive systems of different fish species |
|||
| Day-5 | - Fate of nutrients – Mass balance equation (Food energy = Growth + Metabolism + Reproduction + Excretion + Faecal losses) | Introduction to case study for economic analysis for TILAPIA | ||
| Day-6 | - Feeding methods
- Feeding habits of fish and feed intake |
|||
| Day-7 | - Digestibility estimation | |||
| Day-8 | Nutrient requirement of fish
- Essential and non-essential nutrients |
|||
| Month-2 | Day-9 | - Protein and amino acid | ||
| Day-10 | - Energy in feed | Introduction to case study for economic analysis for CARPS | ||
| Day-11 | - Lipids and fatty acids | |||
| Day-12 | - Carbohydrates | |||
| Day-13 | - Minerals
- Vitamins |
|||
| Day-14 | Feed resources for fish feeding
- Nutrient composition in feed ingredients (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, mineral) - Animal by-products (fish meal, trash fish met meal etc.) |
|||
| Day-15 | - Agricultural by-products (rice bran, broken rice, corn etc.)
- Fat and oil (plant oil, animal and aquatic fat) |
|||
| Day-16 | - Screening of feed ingredients
- Toxic substances and anti nutritional factors in feed |
|||
| Month-3 | Day-17 | - Pre-processing methods to eliminate anti-nutritional factors
- Approaches to replace fishmeal and trash fish (use of alternative plant and animal proteins) |
||
| Day-18 | Feed additives
- Vitamin-mineral premix - Feed attractants and stimulants - Binders |
|||
| Day-19 | - Antioxidant and anti-fungal agents
- Feed immune-stimulants |
|||
| Day-20 | - Enzymes
- Probiotics in feed |
Introduction to case study for economic analysis for CATFISHES | ||
| Day-21 | Feed formulation
- Factors that should be taken into account for producing formulated feeds |
|||
| Day-22 | - Square method | |||
| Day-23 | - Simultaneous equations
- Linear programming |
|||
| Day-24 | Formulated pellet feed production
- Grinding - Mixing |
|||
| Month-4 | Day-25 | - Conditioning/ cooking/ Pelleting process
- Floating and sinking pellet production |
||
| Day-26 | - Packing
- Home-made feed preparation |
|||
| Day-27 | Feed care and storage
- Physical loss - Water and heat damage Insect and fungal damage - Chemical changes - Adventitious toxins |
|||
| Day-28 | Cost-effective feeding methods
- Feeding methods - Feed efficiency estimation |
|||
| Day-29 | - Feeding rate
- Feeding frequency |
|||
| Day-30 | - Feeding schedules for different species |